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Second Industrial Revolution

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	What contribution did Henry Bessemer make to the steel industry?
a. | He developed a way to make steel quickly and cheaply.
b. | He developed a tougher and more durable type of steel.
c. | He developed a way to produce steel without the use of heat.
d. | He developed a way to make steel without polluting the air.

____	2.	New technologies in the steel industry in the late 1800s led to increased productivity in the
a. | textile industry.
b. | railroad industry.
c. | oil industry.
d. | electricity industry.

____	3.	Thomas Edison described himself as a
a. | Passionate businessman
b. | Professional inventor
c. | Pure scientist
d. | Social Darwinist

____	4.	Who invented the telephone?
a. | Alexander Graham Bell
b. | Thomas Edison
c. | Orville Wright
d. | Henry Bessemer

____	5.	Which of the following is true about stockholders?
a. | They must pay the corporation's debts.
b. | They can sell their stock shares at any time.
c. | They are responsible for the corporations policies.
d. | They vote directly for the corporation's president.

____	6.	Andrew Carnegie managed to keep production costs for his steel mills low by
a. | applying for government loans and taking advantage of corporate tax breaks.
b. | using assembly lines and other advanced manufacturing methods.
c. | purchasing machinery to produce steel instead of hiring workers.
d. | owning the businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing of steel.

____	7.	Leland Stanford believed that industries should
a. | allow large corporations to obtain monopolies.
b. | be owned and managed by one person.
c. | be owned and managed cooperatively by the workers.
d. | join together to increase business.

____	8.	Social Darwinism is the idea that
a. | business is becoming less and less human.
b. | only the fittest individuals succeed in society.
c. | successful businessmen must aid the poor.
d. | all men should share the profits of business.

____	9.	Which of the following is an example of vertical integration in the movie business?
a. | owning the majority of the movie theaters in the country and around the world
b. | acquiring the studios, theaters, and TV stations involved in making and distributing movies
c. | arguing that the industry should be owned by actors, directors, producers, and studio executives alike
d. | justifying business methods on the grounds that those naturally inclined to succeed will survive in the industry

____	10.	The decline in working conditions in American industries in the late 1800s occurred because of the
a. | drive to regulate monopolies.
b. | weakening of labor unions.
c. | emphasis on high profits and efficiency.
d. | abolition of health benefits.

____	11.	Which of the following was an effect of factory specialization in the late 1800s?
a. | Workers repeated the same step over and over again, becoming tired, bored, and more likely to be injured.
b. | Factories produced only a single product, putting owners at greater financial risk if that product failed.
c. | Unions signed contracts with specific factories, eliminating violent conflicts over wages and working hours.
d. | Managers paid more attention to working conditions, attracting workers and creating greater competition for jobs.

____	12.	Why did labor unions form?
a. | Immigrants did not want to compete with natives for jobs.
b. | Women wanted equal treatment in the workplace.
c. | Workers needed to increase their bargaining power.
d. | Factory managers would only hire union labor.

____	13.	How was the Knights of Labor organization different from the American Federation of Labor?
a. | The Knights of Labor fought for the end of child labor.
b. | The Knights of Labor accepted skilled and unskilled workers.
c. | The Knights of Labor accepted women as members.
d. | The Knights of Labor were ruled by highly skilled workers.

____	14.	What was Samuel Gompers’ role in the labor movement?
a. | He organized the Pullman Strike.
b. | He founded the Knights of Labor.
c. | He was the president of the American Federation of Labor.
d. | He was the chairman of the American Railway Union.

____	15.	Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

. . the introduction of machinery is turning into idleness [joblessness] thousands . . . and yet, machinery certainly should not be either destroyed or hampered in its full development . . . The laborers must learn to think and act, and soon, too, that only by the power of organization, and common concert of action, can . . . their rights to life be recognized, and liberty and rights secured.”
Samuel Gompers, from his Letter on Labor in Industrial Society to Judge Peter Grosscup,” September 1894

The reader of this passage can conclude that Samuel Gompers believed that
a. | machinery made laborers more productive and safer in the workplace.
b. | laborers would not be able to negotiate for better wages without joining a union.
c. | the use of machinery in industries should be banned.
d. | laborers should band together to improve working conditions.

____	16.	Which event led to the weakening of the Knights of Labor?
a. | the Steelworkers’ Strike
b. | the Homestead Strike
c. | the Haymarket Riot
d. | the Pullman Strikes

____	17.	The Homestead Strike was a protest
a. | in Colorado demanding safer working conditions.
b. | in Chicago demanding an eight-hour workday.
c. | against the Pullman Palace Car Company to improve working conditions.
d. | against the Carnegie Steel Company to force the company not to cut jobs.

____	18.	What were union members fighting for at the strike that led to the Haymarket Riot?
a. | an eight-hour workday
b. | higher wages
c. | a ban on new machinery
d. | lower rents

____	19.	Andrew Carnegie dealt with the striking union workers at his Pennsylvania steel factory in 1892 by
a. | firing every worker and replacing them with machines.
b. | firing half the workers and cutting pay for the remainder.
c. | locking workers out of the factory and hiring strike breakers.
d. | hiring guards to lock workers out of the plant.

Completion
Complete each statement.

	20.	Steel production in the United States jumped from less than 100,000 tons a year in 1870 to more than one million tons a year in 1879. This improvement was due in large part to the invention of the ______________________. (assembly line/Bessemer process)

	21.	The telephone is the most well-known of ______________________________ inventions. (Alexander Graham Bells/Thomas Edisons)

	22.	Wilbur and Orville Wright built a lightweight airplane that ran on a _______-powered engine. They made their first piloted flight in _____________, North Carolina on December 17, 1903. (steam, Raleigh/gas, Kitty Hawk)

	23.	Henry Fords idea of the _________________________ made the process of constructing automobiles faster and cheaper. (assembly line/collective bargaining)

	24.	_________________ own a corporation, but they do not make its day-to-day business decisions. (CEOs/Stockholders)

	25.	Standard Oil developed _________________ integration by buying nearly all other businesses in its field. (horizontal/vertical)

	26.	The belief known as ____________________________ said that the “fittest” people would succeed in business and in their lives. (social Darwinism/natural selection)

	27.	Terence V. Powderly became leader of the ____________________________ in 1879 and created the first truly national labor union in the United States. (American Railway Union/Knights of Labor)

	28.	The _______________________ was a protest against the Carnegie Steel Company. (Pullman Strike/Homestead Strike)

	29.	At a protest in Chicago, __________________________, a bomb killed eight police officers and injured many others. (Haymarket Square/Lincoln Square)

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____	30.	The Bessemer process sped up the procedure of refining oil.

____	31.	Thomas Edison developed a power system that could send electricity over long distances.

____	32.	A corporations stockholders are responsible for helping the corporation pay its business debts.

____	33.	Andrew Carnegie succeeded because he owned businesses that were involved in each step of the manufacturing process. The name for this strategy is horizontal integration.

____	34.	Big business continued to grow in America despite the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was difficult to enforce.

____	35.	During the Second Industrial Revolution, skilled craftspeople were often replaced with unskilled workers who operated machinery.

____	36.	The Knights of Labor was unusual in that it included both skilled and unskilled workers.

____	37.	Samuel Gompers contributed to the labor movement by fighting for the rights of unskilled industrial workers.

____	38.	George Pullman lowered rents in the Pullman Palace Car company town when he cut his workers’ pay.

____	39.	The governor of Pennsylvania called on the state militia to restore order after the Homestead strike.

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. | corporations
b. | Frederick W. Taylor
c. | Bessemer process
d. | Andrew Carnegie
e. | Knights of Labor
f. | Thomas Edison
g. | horizontal integration
h. | Samuel Gompers
i. | Henry Ford
j. | social Darwinism
k. | Grover Cleveland
l. | Sherman Antitrust Act

____	40.	John D. Rockefellers control of about 90 percent of the oil refining business

____	41.	owned businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing process of his industry

____	42.	led the American Federation of Labor

____	43.	fought for the rights of skilled and unskilled workers

____	44.	made manufacturing more efficient with the moving assembly line

____	45.	inventor of the light bulb

____	46.	made it illegal to create monopolies

____	47.	made steel production quicker and cheaper, which created a booming railroad industry

____	48.	idea that those who were "fittest" would be successful

____	49.	encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts of the production proces

Second Industrial Revolution
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.1
NAT:	19.1.1

	2.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.1
NAT:	19.1.1

	3.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.2
NAT:	19.1.2

	4.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.3
NAT:	19.1.3

	5.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	6.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	7.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	8.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	9.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.2
NAT:	19.2.1

	10.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.1
NAT:	19.3.1

	11.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.1
NAT:	19.3.1

	12.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.3.1
NAT:	19.3.2

	13.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	14.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	15.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	16.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

	17.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

	18.	ANS:	A	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

	19.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

COMPLETION

	20.	ANS:	Bessemer process

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.1	NAT:	19.1.1

	21.	ANS:	Alexander Graham Bell

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.2	NAT:	19.1.3

	22.	ANS:	gas, Kitty Hawk

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.3	NAT:	19.1.3

	23.	ANS:	assembly line

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.3	NAT:	19.1.3

	24.	ANS:	Stockholders

PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.2.1	NAT:	19.2.1

	25.	ANS:	horizontal

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1	NAT:	19.2.1

	26.	ANS:	social Darwinism

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.2	NAT:	19.2.2

	27.	ANS:	Knights of Labor

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2	NAT:	19.3.2

	28.	ANS:	Homestead Strike

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3	NAT:	19.3.3

	29.	ANS:	Haymarket Square

PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3	NAT:	19.3.3

TRUE/FALSE

	30.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.1
NAT:	19.1.1

	31.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.2
NAT:	19.1.2

	32.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	18.2.1

	33.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	34.	ANS:	T	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.2
NAT:	19.2.2

	35.	ANS:	T	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.3.1
NAT:	19.3.1

	36.	ANS:	T	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	37.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	38.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

	39.	ANS:	T	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.3
NAT:	19.3.3

MATCHING

	40.	ANS:	G	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	41.	ANS:	D	PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	19.2.1
NAT:	19.2.1

	42.	ANS:	H	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	43.	ANS:	E	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.2
NAT:	19.3.2

	44.	ANS:	I	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.2
NAT:	19.1.3

	45.	ANS:	F	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.1.2
NAT:	19.1.3

	46.	ANS:	L	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.2.2
NAT:	19.2.2

	47.	ANS:	C	PTS:	1	DIF:	1	OBJ:	19.1.1
NAT:	19.1.1

	48.	ANS:	J	PTS:	1	DIF:	3	OBJ:	19.2.2
NAT:	19.2.2

	49.	ANS:	B	PTS:	1	DIF:	2	OBJ:	19.3.1
NAT:	19.3.1